Roman law; It was written in 3 periods and always in ISTANBUL.

1. The contribution of Justinian (d. 565), which still remains the most influential in Western Europe and elsewhere; Roman Law, which is the basis of private law in modern states today, and the studies carried out to ensure that the private law, which was in force in the Eastern Roman country at that time with the orders of Justinian, but based on the rules and laws that were put forward in very different periods, is applied in all its former pure form as a single order in the entire empire. has been.

As a result of these studies, which started with the order of Justinian I, the legalization movement, the special Roman Law that was applied until that time was collected in a corpus of laws called Corpus Juris Civilis (529-534). It was prepared in 5 years. This work was made possible by the efforts of Tribonianus, who was generally the “Questor” (Roman civil servant who was the head of the Roman central government office like the Court of Accounts).

2. Suleiman I (6 November 1494, Trabzon – 7 September 1566, Zigetvar), the tenth sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the 89th Islamic caliph. He is also known as Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and Suleiman the Magnificent in the East, referring to his just administration.

3. Mecelle (1868-1876) was prepared in 8 years; Ahmet Cevdet Pasha

“The most primordial law in the European continent is the Roman law, which was organized and codified by a community of ilmiyye in the city of Constantinople (Istanbul). It is the basis of European laws and is famous and respected everywhere. But it is not like Mecelle-i Ahkam-i Adliyye. There are many differences (between) in their brains. Because it was made by the grace of five or six law-abiding persons. This, on the other hand, has been adopted (taken) from the sharia-i garra, which is divinely appointed (by Allah) by the help of five or six jurists. ” Ahmet Cevdet Pasha

A person from the European legal profession, who this time compared Mecelle with the Roman law and looked at both of them with the eye of a human work (only a human work) said:

‘Laws were made twice in the world through the community of ilmiyye. Both happened in Istanbul. Secondly, due to its arrangement and regularity, and the good manners and connection (good arrangement) of the message (of the matters in it), it is very admirable and superior (superior and preferable) to the former. Even the difference in their brains is a measure (measurement) of how many steps a person has taken in the world of civilization from that century to this century.”

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Fountains (Çeşmeler)

1. Acıçeşme,
2. Alman Çeşmesi
3. Aynalıçeşme,
4. Ayrılık Çeşmesi
5. Azapkapı Çeşmesi,
6. Çatalçeşme
7. Çeşmemeydanı
8. Çırçır,
9. Çobançeşme,
10. Çukurçeşme,
11. Gümüşsuyu,
12. Horhor
13. III Ahmet Çeşmesi,
14. Kazlıçeşme
15. Kuruçeşme
16. Küçüksu Valide Çeşmesi
17. Selami Çeşme
18. Soğukçeşme
19. Söğütlüçeşme
20. Tophane Çeşmesi,
21. Valideçeşme,
22. Zincirlikuyu,

The main large and visible examples of water culture are the square fountains. Some of them are square fountains with public fountains. The most famous of these is the III. Ahmed Sebilli Square Fountain (1728). Another example of a square fountain with a fountain is the Saliha Sultan Fountain (1732) in Azapkapı.

Apart from these, III. Ahmet’s fountains in Üsküdar (1728), Sultan Mahmud I in Tophane Square (1732), Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha (1732) in Ortaköy Square, Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1734) in Kabataş. The fountains bearing the name of Mihrişah Sultan as fountains in front of Küçüksu Pavilion (1806) and Eyüp (1801) are important.

The German Fountain (1901, Architect Schoele) in Sultanahmet is also noteworthy in terms of having a different architecture. The most famous and magnificent of the wall fountains is the Hüseyin Avni Pasha Fountain (1874) in Üsküdar. Sineperver Hatun Fountain in Üsküdar Balaban, Emirgan I. Abdulhamit Fountain (especially important with its inscription, 1783), Beşiktaş Valide (1839) and Galata Bereketzâde (1786), Maçka tetrahedral II. Abdülhamit (1901) fountains are also remarkable examples.

Captain Pasha Fountains, one of the profession fountains group, are an architectural feature unique to Istanbul, as they have sailor motifs on them. Among these, we can mention the Algerian Gazi Hasan Pasha Fountain and the Süleyman Kaptan Fountain, especially in the Kasımpaşa district.

Apart from the inner city fountains mentioned above, we can see the most beautiful examples of fountain types in Istanbul in palaces. In the Tiled Kiosk, Topkapı Palace, Yıldız, and Dolmabahçe, there are fountains from different periods, which are the products of extremely fine workmanship.

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